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		<title>Why the Latest Euro Zone Debt-Crisis Agreement Shows How Europe Just Doesn’t Get It</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/why-the-latest-euro-zone-debt-crisis-agreement-shows-how-europe-just-doesnt-get-it/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 22:46:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Date: 01-02-2012 Source: TIME By MICHAEL SCHUMAN I just landed in Rome for some on-the-ground reporting on the latest twists and turns in the euro zone debt crisis, and I immediately got some sound insights from our reporter here, Stephan Faris. Stephan watches the situation in Italy more closely than I do, and he makes [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12680&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Date: 01-02-2012<br />
Source: TIME By MICHAEL SCHUMAN</p>
<p>I just landed in Rome for some on-the-ground reporting on the latest twists and turns in the euro zone debt crisis, and I immediately got some sound insights from our reporter here, Stephan Faris. Stephan watches the situation in Italy more closely than I do, and he makes the point that <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Rome simply would not pursue any meaningful economic reform if Italy got bailed out or received more help from the European Union.</span></strong> The pressure of the crisis, he contends, is necessary to force Italy’s politicians to implement pro-growth reforms and reduce debt. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Without it, Italy would simply continue on as usual</span></strong>, no matter what poor growth the economy may suffer, or how many young people are unable to find jobs. The entrenched interests are simply too powerful, the politicians too wary of taking unpopular measures. What most people don’t understand about the euro zone, Stephan explained, is that <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">reform is impossible without the crisis.<span id="more-12680"></span></span></strong></p>
<p>My guess is that German Chancellor Angela Merkel agrees with Stephan. Of course, Merkel would never say outright that she wants the crisis to persist so she can press forward on European integration and reform. But, effectively, that what’s going on. Yes, Merkel insists again and again that the steps she’s taking are aimed at rebuilding confidence in the monetary union. But her actions have always spoken otherwise. Throughout the debt crisis, Merkel has been reluctant to take the steps many in financial markets think might help end the debt crisis – whether a bigger bailout fund, or eurobonds jointly backed by all euro zone governments. Instead, she’s demanded reform, and kept the heat on those nations that need it. Thus the crisis continues. And, despite my high regard for Stephan’s opinion, that’s where the danger in Merkel’s euro zone strategy can be found.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>We can clearly see that danger in the European Union’s latest effort to tackle the euro crisis</strong></span> – an important agreement reached during a Jan. 30 summit of Europe’s leaders. A new fiscal compact – which has Merkel’s fingerprints all over it – tightens the controls on fiscal policy in euro zone countries in an attempt to prevent profligate politicians from undercutting the viability of the monetary union. Deficits (adjusted for economic cycles) must be no more than 0.5% of GDP, and governments have to enshrine a pledge to maintain balanced budgets into their laws or constitutions. Violators can now be sanctioned by the European Court of Justice. The idea is to put teeth into rules on fiscal policy that have often been ignored. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">In many ways, this is a positive step – one towards fiscal union, in which national budgets would be subject to control at a European level.</span></strong> The new fiscal pact will definitely keep the pressure on Italy, Spain, Greece and the other troubled sovereigns to get their national finances fixed.</p>
<p>So that’s the good news. The problem with this effort is that the struggling nations of Europe are getting zilch in return for signing on to the harsh, new pact. Yes, Europe’s leaders did a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">lot of blabbering about spurring growth and creating jobs. But no firm measures were taken.</span></strong> And even though European leaders also agreed to bring the EU’s permanent bailout fund into action ahead of schedule, it was not increased in size, as many market players believe is necessary to create a proper firewall against defaults. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">This is an “austerity union,” not a fiscal union.</span></strong> And though it may force reform in Rome, Madrid and Athens, Merkel’s strategy is also heightening the risk of the euro crisis spiraling out of control.</p>
<p><strong>Why is that? Three reasons:</strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">First,</span></strong> the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">fiscal pact does nothing to resolve the problems facing the euro zone today. These tough rules would have been great 10 years ago; maybe they could have prevented the crisis we have today.</span></strong> And perhaps they could improve the stability of the monetary union down the road. But now? T<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">he countries saddled with too much debt still have too much debt, whatever the rules say.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Second</span></strong>, the focus on austerity in the euro zone is causing what George Soros called a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">“deflationary debt spiral.”</span></strong> Here’s how it works. Austerity measures – tax hikes, cuts in budget spending – dampen growth. That, in turn, makes it harder to meet deficit and debt targets, forcing governments to implement more austerity measures, which further hit growth, and so on and so on. We can see the terrible toll Europe’s drive for austerity is having on the region’s economies by taking a look at <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">unemployment in the euro zone – the rate is at a euro-era high.</span></strong> Yet Merkel keeps pressing for more austerity, despite the consequences. Athens is being pressured to slice the country’s minimum wage, even though the government estimates that step would shave another 1.5 percentage points off national output, which is already contracting.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#3366ff;">Third</span></strong>, and most importantly, the evidence is mounting that the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">austerity-led reform programs are not working to help countries exit the crisis. Take a look at Portugal.</span></strong> Worries are growing that Portugal, like Greece, might be faced with default and could require a second bailout. What makes this especially disconcerting is that Portugal has been a relatively good reform citizen. Unlike Greece, its leaders have been praised for their efforts to cut the deficit and implement reform. And where has that gotten them? Not very far. The economy is contracting and bond yields have hit fresh euro-era highs – a sign that investors are increasingly worried about a default. Fears are spreading that bondholders might have to incur losses in a Portuguese debt restructuring, as they are facing with Greece. Here’s what research firm Capital Economics said on the matter in a recent report:</p>
<p><em>Although the government in Portugal is not as indebted as it is in Greece, we think it is also <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">likely to default before too long.</span></strong> Portugal’s existing bail-out package should ensure that is fully funded until the end of 2012. But with the 10-year government bond yield now above 16%, it may have to seek a second rescue deal well before that deadline expires. With little chance of the debt burden being eased by strong growth – we expect GDP to contract sharply this year and next as fiscal austerity bites – a debt restructuring may be a quid pro quo for further official sector support… What’s more, we also think uncompetitive Portugal (with a large current account deficit) may choose to leave EMU at some point in 2013. Indeed, this outcome now forms part of our central scenario, in which we expect Greece to be first to leave EMU this year.</em></p>
<p>So what the case of Portugal tells us is that abiding by the demands made by Merkel doesn’t necessarily help alleviate the risk of default. So even though I can understand Stephan’s logic – that continued pressure on weak euro zone nations is necessary for political reasons – <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">that logic falls apart for economic reasons.</span></strong> That is what Merkel &amp; Co. are missing in their approach to the euro debt crisis. Whatever political motivations make sense in fighting the crisis, the fate of the euro will depend on economic realities. Europe doesn’t get that.</p>
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		<title>‘Davos consensus’ under siege</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/davos-consensus-under-siege/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 22:37:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artikel]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/?p=12678</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Date: 01-02-2012 Source: FT: GIDEON RACHMAN If nothing else, Newt Gingrich’s campaign for the US presidency has contributed an excellent new phrase to the language. His coinage – “pious baloney” – kept popping into my head in Davos last week, every time I saw the World Economic Forum’s ubiquitous slogan: “Committed to improving the state [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12678&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Date: 01-02-2012<br />
Source: FT: GIDEON RACHMAN</p>
<p>If nothing else, Newt Gingrich’s campaign for the US presidency has contributed an excellent new phrase to the language. His coinage – <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">“pious baloney”</span></strong> – kept popping into my head in Davos last week, every time I saw the World Economic Forum’s ubiquitous slogan: <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">“Committed to improving the state of the world”.</span></strong></p>
<p>Shocking as it may seem, the assorted bankers, businessmen, oligarchs and autocrats who descend on Davos each year are not motivated principally by altruism. And yet Davos this year did feature much agonising about inequality. In a few cases, this may have reflected moral unease. But pragmatism was even more important. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Davos is effectively a festival of globalisation for men in suits and snow boots – who now fear that the argument for globalisation may be lost in the west.<span id="more-12678"></span></span></strong><br />
Peter Mandelson, a former EU trade commissioner, caught the mood when he told a lunch that politicians need to persuade people that globalisation and free trade are still good, even when they are blamed for higher unemployment and stagnant wages. From the platform came numerous suggestions of how this might be done: stimulate growth in Europe, invest in education, get the Chinese and Germans to spend more.</p>
<p>Yet for all the words spilled, the two most significant speeches made on these themes last week were not delivered in Davos. They were Barack <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Obama’</span></strong>s State of the Union address and a barnstorming campaign speech made by Francois <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Hollande</span></strong>, the Socialist party’s candidate for the French presidency.</p>
<p>These speeches deserve to be read as a pair. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Both men bemoaned rising inequality.</span></strong> Both promised higher taxes for the rich and more support for the middle classes. Both attacked high finance. Mr Hollande went as far as calling the world of finance a faceless government and “my true adversary”. Both speeches promised to bring manufacturing jobs and factories back home – an idea that is usually deemed impossible in Davos. Mr Obama said his<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"> blueprint for strengthening the US economy, “begins with American manufacturing”.</span></strong> Mr Hollande called for France’s “reindustrialisation”.</p>
<p>Alongside positive measures to encourage manufacturers, both the American president and the French would-be president stressed measures that are implicitly protectionist. Mr Obama promised to set up a trade enforcement unit charged with investigating “unfair trade practices” in countries such as China. Mr Hollande denounced “unfair competition” and proposed to rectify it, by telling foreign countries to raise their social and environmental standards, or face tariffs.</p>
<p><strong>If these speeches weren’t ringing in the ears of Davos delegates, they should have been. Davos is all about globalisation. And yet here were <span style="color:#ff0000;">the likely winners of the two most important elections in the western world this year calling key elements of the whole construct into question.</span> Mr Hollande promised to reassert the “sovereignty of the republic, in the face of globalisation”.</p>
<p></strong>In Davos, the most popular explanations for the backlashes against globalisation and high finance stressed the change in political mood after the financial crisis. Lavish rewards for bankers are a tough sell these days. The west is struggling while Asia booms.</p>
<p><strong>But there are also structural forces at work. Globalisation contributes to inequality in the west by creating a global labour pool that holds down wages, while boosting corporate profits. </strong>Before the financial crisis – when economies were growing strongly and credit was easy – the middle classes were able to share in the proceeds of growth by borrowing heavily, while the poor could be protected through generous social spending. But now, with a credit crunch and pressure to cut welfare budgets, these adjustment mechanisms are much weaker.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">The Davos consensus is that Europe needs more “structural reform” to balance budgets and spur growth.</span></strong> Raising the retirement age is almost always on the list of necessary reforms. Angela Merkel, the German chancellor, made a speech in Davos that stressed the need for austerity and economic liberalisation. She has warmly praised Mario Monti, the Italian prime minister, who is committed to cutting the costs of pensions.</p>
<p>Yet Mr Hollande is kicking against this consensus. He promised to lower the French pension age back down to 60, reversing one of president Nicolas Sarkozy’s few significant reforms to the welfare state. If Mr Hollande wants to find somebody talking the same language, he should look across the Atlantic, rather than across the Rhine. Mr Obama is also trying to strengthen the social safety net, by expanding health benefits.</p>
<p>It should not be forgotten that both Mr Hollande and Mr Obama are campaigning. The US president’s stress on higher taxes for the rich is helpful when he is likely to be running against a multi-millionaire whose effective rate of tax was less than 15 per cent. Mr Hollande’s tack to the hard left may be partly a ploy to ensure he makes it to the second round of the election, by scooping up votes from small far-left parties.</p>
<p>But words have consequences. If the next French and American presidents are returned on the basis of campaigns that take aim at Chinese manufacturers and western bankers, that is likely to be reflected in future policy.</p>
<p>At the World Economic Forum last week, for all the talk of inequality and the need to demonstrate the benefits of globalisation, I heard little to suggest that “Davos man” is equipped to fend off a populist assault. The idea that “structural reform”, plus austerity, plus better job training will do the trick is – well – pious baloney.</p>
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		<title>EU Considers Loosening Rules on Bank Liquidity</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/eu-considers-loosening-rules-on-bank-liquidity/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 22:28:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Date: 01-02-2012 Source: The Wall Street Journal LONDON—Under heavy pressure from the banking industry, European regulators are considering loosening some rules that require lenders to maintain deep pools of ultrasafe assets to protect them in a crisis, according to bankers and regulatory officials involved in the discussions. Policy makers and regulators in the European Union [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12675&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Date: 01-02-2012</p>
<p>Source: The Wall Street Journal</p>
<p>LONDON—Under heavy pressure from the banking industry, <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">European regulators are considering loosening some rules that require lenders to maintain deep pools of ultrasafe assets to protect them in a crisis</span></strong>, according to bankers and regulatory officials involved in the discussions.</p>
<p>Policy makers and regulators in the European Union are weighing whether to permit banks to hold a broader variety of assets to meet new safety standards, these people say. Such a change would make it easier for banks to comply with the rules, according to people familiar with the deliberations.</p>
<p>Any r<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">elaxation of the rules is likely to spark a fight with policy makers outside Europe and could sow fears that regulators are buckling under industry pressure.<span id="more-12675"></span></span></strong></p>
<p>The debate comes as the European banking crisis shows hints of moderating. In recent days, a handful of big European banks have sold bonds to investors, ending an extraordinary monthslong funding drought that stretched back to last summer.</p>
<p>The fight over liquidity rules involves obscure but important issues. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">During recent financial crises, some big banks collapsed when they lost the ability to fund themselves.</span></strong> Seeking to avoid such liquidity problems in the future, regulators started requiring banks to hold large piles of assets that they can easily sell if they lose access to normal funding sources like the bond market or face an exodus of deposits.</p>
<p>Under current and pending international regulations, those <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">buffers must be composed of a narrow range of high-quality liquid assets, such as cash deposited at central banks and highly rated government bonds. </span></strong></p>
<p>Banks are now pushing regulators to allow a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">wider range of assets—everything from gold to blue-chip stocks to mortgage-backed securities—to satisfy the buffers.</span></strong> Some of those assets, such as residential mortgage-backed securities, proved volatile and illiquid during the recent financial crises. But the banks argue that regulations can be crafted in such a way to make them safe for liquidity purposes.</p>
<p>The banks contend that the current rules are overly strict, making it more expensive for them to finance themselves and encouraging banks to gorge on potentially risky assets like government bonds.</p>
<p>&#8222;Having too narrow a category of assets, however theoretically pure they are, is just a bad idea.</p>
<p>I would much prefer to have a broader range,&#8220; said Peter Sands, chief executive of Standard Chartered PLC, a major international bank based in London. &#8222;There&#8217;s definitely a live debate about it.&#8220;</p>
<p>There are signs that the banks&#8217; pleas are gaining traction with some officials. European regulators and central bankers say they have grown increasingly worried in recent weeks that overly stringent liquidity requirements could force banks to rapidly shrink by constraining their lending, a development that could harm the Continent&#8217;s fragile economies.</p>
<p>&#8222;I think there&#8217;s a more-legitimate debate about…whether we might have to think a little more flexibly,&#8220; said a senior European bank regulator who historically has been a proponent of strict liquidity requirements.</p>
<p>Regulators and central bankers in some countries say they plan to resist watering down of the liquidity rules. &#8222;It&#8217;s a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">never-ending battle,&#8220; </span></strong>said a senior international regulator from outside the EU, who joked that <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">banks want everything down to &#8222;office furniture&#8220; permitted in the liquidity rules.</span></strong> These officials say it would be a mistake to cave into pressure from banks in ways that would allow lenders to rely on riskier assets to guard against future cash crunches.</p>
<p>&#8222;That is a danger,&#8220; said Simon Adamson, a London-based banking analyst with CreditSights Ltd. Regulators &#8222;should be fairly strict on the liquidity rules, even if it makes life less comfortable for the banks.&#8220;</p>
<p>The European Central Bank last month extended nearly half-a-trillion euros (roughly $655 billion) of three-year loans to hundreds of banks across the Continent. The loans, which came with a low 1% interest rate, have defused fears of a looming liquidity crunch with banks struggling to renew hundreds of billions of euros of bonds that are set to mature this year.</p>
<p>The ECB loans, another batch of which will be doled out at the end of this month, have helped thaw funding markets for banks, analysts say. In the past week, at least six banks, including Italy&#8217;s Intesa Sanpaolo SpA and Britain&#8217;s Lloyds Banking Group PLC, have issued senior unsecured bonds, which are among the industry&#8217;s preferred methods of raising funds, according to data provider Dealogic. On Wednesday, Germany&#8217;s Commerzbank AG announced plans for its own offering.</p>
<p>Even as banks find it easier to fund themselves, they are intensifying pressure on policy makers to make it easier for them to satisfy liquidity requirements.</p>
<p>The debate is taking place in multiple venues. In the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">U.K., the Financial Services Authority has imposed some of the world&#8217;s toughest liquidity requirements on banks</span></strong>. Only cash that the banks stash at the Bank of England and top-rated bonds issued by certain governments count toward the liquidity buffers.</p>
<p>In recent meetings with senior FSA and Bank of England officials, British bank executives have pushed for the inclusion of other assets, according to people familiar with the matter.</p>
<p>Among those are &#8222;covered bonds&#8220; backed by assets on the banks&#8217; balance sheets, an instrument that is allowed in other European countries.</p>
<p>British regulators say their tough rules have protected U.K. banks from the funding problems afflicting some continental banks, an argument echoed by some bank CEOs.</p>
<p>Elsewhere in Europe, banks are trying to influence policy makers who are drafting rules that will implement a recent international regulatory accord, known as Basel III, across the EU. Currently, regulators in different European countries allow different types of assets to count toward liquidity buffers. The <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Basel pact will impose uniform standards that allow a limited range of assets. </span></strong></p>
<p>Bankers are taking aim at the special place allotted in the liquidity rules for government bonds, whose plunging values have left many European banks sitting on big potential losses.</p>
<p>The banks argue that the c<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">urrent crisis proves that many sovereign bonds are less liquid than other asset classes</span></strong> that are excluded under the liquidity rules.</p>
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		<title>Anleihe-Kauf im Schneeballsystem</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/anleihe-kauf-im-schneeballsystem/</link>
		<comments>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/anleihe-kauf-im-schneeballsystem/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 22:20:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stgara</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artikel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Banken]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Euro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finanzkrise]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Wirtschaftswoche]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Langsam verstehen auch Wirtschaftsmagzine die Zusammenhänge (SG) von Frank Doll, Wirtschaftswoche.com, 1/2 Steigende Kurse vernebeln den Blick auf die größte Umverteilungsaktion der Geschichte. Griechenlands Finanzminister Evangelos Venizelos (links) diskutiert mit Mario Draghi, dem Präsidenten der Europäischen Zentralbank Quelle: dpa Solange ehemalige oder zukünftige Mitarbeiter von gut vernetzten Großbanken auf wichtigen öffentlichen Positionen schalten und walten, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12672&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><span style="color:#888888;">L</span><span style="color:#888888;">angsam verstehen auch Wirtschaftsmagzine die Zusammenhänge (SG)</span></em></p>
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<article>von <a href="http://www.wiwo.de/finanzen/boerse/banken-anleihe-kauf-im-schneeballsystem/v_detail_tab_print,6117846.html">Frank Doll</a>, Wirtschaftswoche.com, 1/2</p>
<p>Steigende Kurse vernebeln den Blick auf die <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">größte Umverteilungsaktion der Geschichte.</span></strong></p>
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<div><img class="alignleft" title="Griechenlands Finanzminister Evangelos Venizelos (links) diskutiert mit Mario Draghi, dem Präsidenten der Europäischen Zentralbank Quelle: dpa" src="http://www.wiwo.de/images/eurogroup-meeting-in-brussels/6126706/2.jpg?format=format23" alt="Griechenlands Finanzminister Evangelos Venizelos (links) diskutiert mit Mario Draghi, dem Präsidenten der Europäischen Zentralbank Quelle: dpa" width="287" height="162" /></div>
<div>Griechenlands Finanzminister Evangelos Venizelos (links) diskutiert mit Mario Draghi, dem Präsidenten der Europäischen Zentralbank Quelle: dpa</div>
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<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Solange ehemalige oder zukünftige Mitarbeiter von gut vernetzten Großbanken auf wichtigen öffentlichen Positionen schalten und walten</span></strong>, muss die Banken-Bonus-Runde des Vorjahres vielleicht doch noch nicht die letzte gewesen sein. So teilte der <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">ehemalige Goldman-Sachs-Mitarbeiter Mario Draghi,</span></strong> heute Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB), den europäischen Banken am 8. Dezember 489 Milliarden Euro für einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren zum Freundschaftszins von 1,0 Prozent zu.</p>
<p>Und was machen die Banken mit dem billigen Geld? Sie opfern sich für Europa, geben dem sanften Druck der Politik nach und kaufen nun doch wieder höher verzinste Anleihen gefährdeter Euro-Staaten. Dabei haben sie ja eigentlich schon genug davon. Gut, <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">vorsorglich nehmen sie nur Papiere mit kurzen Laufzeiten, man kann ja nie wissen.</span></strong></p>
<p>Eines weiß man aber ganz gewiss: <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Den Zinskupon auf diese Anleihen zahlt der redliche europäische Steuerzahler, egal, ob er nun aus Griechenland, Spanien, Italien oder Deutschland stammt.<span id="more-12672"></span></span></strong> Schließlich wurden sie alle zusammen von den europäischen Regierungen in ein gemeinsames Boot verfrachtet. Dieses darf nun niemand mehr verlassen. Dieser unbedingte Durchhaltewille eint die Kommandobrücke aus Eurokraten und Bankenaristokraten.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Wer aber streicht die Zinsdifferenz als Gewinn ein? Logisch, es sind die Banken.</span></strong> Und weil die EZB mittlerweile Ramsch als Qualität einstuft, können die Banken die Ramsch-Staatsanleihen gleich wieder als Sicherheit einreichen bei der EZB, für noch mehr Kredit. Ein Schneeballsystem funktioniert schließlich nur, wenn es am Laufen gehalten wird. Die nächste Draghi-Operation mit dem Namen Longer Term Refinancing Operation (LTRO) ist schon fest terminiert. Sie findet statt am 29. Februar.</p>
<p>Die Profiteure dieses Systems sind natürlich alle, deren Einkommenshöhe weniger von Arbeit als von steigenden Vermögenspreisen bestimmt wird. Die finden das natürlich großartig und loben das abgezockte Spiel. Zumal Draghi mit LTRO geschickt den plumpen Griff zur Bazooka – so wird die Notenpresse heute genannt – vermied. Der unbegrenzte Aufkauf von Staatsanleihen durch die EZB wäre in Deutschland nicht gut angekommen. Jeder in Europa aber weiß, dass ohne den deutschen Steuerzahler das Euro-Rettungsboot sofort absäuft.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Klar aber ist: Wie jedes Schneeballsystem wird auch dieses früher oder später zusammenbrechen.</span></strong> Als allerletzten Bonus bekommt die Welt der Finanzgeschäftemacher dann vermutlich doch noch eine Ladung aus der richtigen Bazooka.</p>
<p>Leider werden die europäischen Steuerzahler dann merken, dass ihre Sparquote schon bei null angekommen ist und nichts mehr da ist, um es noch in Aktien, Gold oder Immobilien zu stecken. Die zuletzt wieder steigenden Kurse vernebeln nur den Blick auf die konzertierte Umverteilungsaktion, die in der Finanzkrise 2008 startete – eine der größten, die die Menschheit jemals gesehen hat.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Griechenlands Finanzminister Evangelos Venizelos (links) diskutiert mit Mario Draghi, dem Präsidenten der Europäischen Zentralbank Quelle: dpa</media:title>
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		<title>Fiscal Adjustment: Too Much of a Good Thing?</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/fiscal-adjustment-too-much-of-a-good-thing/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 06:53:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artikel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finanzkrise]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Schulden]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[IMF]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Fiscal Policy]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[‎ ‎30. ‎Jänner ‎2012, ‏‎01:57:43 &#124; iMFdirect By Carlo Cottarelli The IMF has argued for some time that the very high public debt ratios in many advanced economies should be brought down to safer levels through a gradual and steady process. Doing either too little or too much both involve risks: not enough fiscal adjustment [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12660&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>‎ ‎30. ‎Jänner ‎2012, ‏‎01:57:43 | iMFdirect</p>
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<p><a href="http://imfdirect.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cc_spring-2011-fm.jpg"><img title="Fiscal Monitor" src="http://imfdirect.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cc_spring-2011-fm.jpg?w=150&#038;h=92&#038;h=92" alt="" width="150" height="92" /></a>By <a href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/bloggers/carlo-cottarelli/">Carlo Cottarelli</a></p>
<p>The IMF has argued for some time that the <strong>very high public debt ratios in many advanced economies should be brought down to safer levels through a <a href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2010/06/24/ten-commandments-for-fiscal-adjustment-in-advanced-economies/">gradual and steady process</a>. <span style="color:#ff0000;">Doing either too little or too much both involve risks:</span> not enough fiscal adjustment could lead to a loss of market confidence and a fiscal crisis, potentially killing growth; but too much adjustment will hurt growth directly.</strong></p>
<p>At times over the last couple of years we called on countries to step up the pace of adjustment when we thought they were moving too slowly.</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>Instead, in the current environment, I worry that some might be going too fast.<span id="more-12660"></span></strong></span></p>
<p><em><strong>Risk to recovery</strong></em></p>
<p>The latest update of the <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fm/2012/update/01/fmindex.htm"><em>Fiscal Monitor</em></a> shows that fiscal adjustment is proceeding pretty quickly in the advanced economies—on average the deficit is projected to fall by a total of 2 percentage points of GDP in 2011-12. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">The decline is even larger in the euro area—about 3 percentage points of GDP.</span></strong> In a reasonably good growth environment this pace of adjustment would be fine. But in the <a href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2012/01/24/driving-the-global-economy-with-the-brakes-on/">current weaker macroeconomic environment</a> bringing deficits down this quickly could pose a risk for the economic recovery.</p>
<p><strong>Some might argue that adjusting is like taking a bitter medicine, and that it’s always best to get it over with as quickly as possible. <span style="color:#ff0000;">Aggressive fiscal adjustment will surely be rewarded by markets through lower interest rates,</span></strong> and any cost to growth is simply the price paid to ensure that fiscal credibility is won or maintained.</p>
<p><strong><em>Fiscal austerity &amp; market behavior</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>But <a href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2011/12/21/2011-in-review-four-hard-truths/">market behavior is much more complex than this</a>, at least in the current crisis.</strong> For sure, markets don’t like large debt and fiscal deficits, but <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">they also don’t like low growth.</span></strong> Take the recent downgrades of several European countries. Were they purely the result of fiscal problems? No. Look at the words used by <a href="http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/articles/en/us/?articleType=HTML&amp;assetID=1245327305715">Standard and Poor’s</a>: “<em>a reform process based on a pillar of fiscal austerity alone risks becoming self-defeating, as domestic demand falls in line with consumers’ rising concerns about job security and disposable incomes, eroding national tax revenues.”</em></p>
<p>Some of our analytical work at the IMF makes this point clearly. <strong>It shows that lower debt ratios and deficits lead to lower interest rates on government bonds, but so too does faster short-term growth. So, when countries tighten fiscal policy and the economy slows, <a href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/111811.htm">some of the gains from better fiscal fundamentals will be lost through lower growth</a>.</strong> We also see some evidence of a nonlinear relationship between growth and sovereign bond spreads: spreads are more likely to increase when growth is already lower and the fiscal tightening is larger (see chart). If growth falls enough as a result of a fiscal tightening, interest rates could actually rise as the deficit falls.</p>
<p><a href="http://imfdirect.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/fm-update_jan2012.jpg"><img class="alignleft" title="FM Update_Jan2012" src="http://imfdirect.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/fm-update_jan2012.jpg?w=400&#038;h=300&#038;h=300" alt="" width="400" height="300" /></a></p>
<p><strong><em>Country-specific fiscal policy</em></strong></p>
<p><strong>So how should fiscal policy respond if growth slows more than expected?</strong></p>
<p><strong>For some advanced economies, limited access to financing leaves them no option but to stick to their deficit reduction plans this year.</strong> But fiscal tightening cannot be the <em>only</em> tool to restore market confidence. Structural reforms to boost competitiveness and growth are also critical, but even reforms started today will take time to yield results. So it will be critical to support countries that are adjusting at an appropriate pace by making adequate financing available to them—in the euro area, through the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism—to provide a boost to confidence while market perceptions adjust. Markets eventually respond to improved economic fundamentals like stronger medium-term growth and lower future deficits, but on occasion this takes a while.</p>
<p><strong>There are many other advanced economies, however, where fiscal policy has more freedom.</strong> <strong>If growth slows, these countries should avoid further fiscal tightening.</strong> They should allow the impact of an economic downturn on revenues and spending on things like unemployment benefits to raise the deficit temporarily.</p>
<p><strong>Among those countries with more flexibility, there are some—including in the euro area—where <span style="color:#ff0000;">very low interest rates or other factors are creating adequate fiscal space to allow them to reconsider the pace of deficit reduction this year.</span></strong></p>
<p>Take for example the United States. Based on current policies, the deficit would decline by over two percentage points of GDP in 2012, the largest single year adjustment in four decades. That’s too much. Renewing the payroll tax cut and extending unemployment compensation for the long-term unemployed—two measures set to expire this year—would provide welcome support to the economy. Actions like these would be greatly facilitated by the adoption of credible medium-term adjustment plans, which are still missing in some key economies.<strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><em>The bottom line</em></strong></p>
<p>Government debt remains very high in many advanced economies, and fiscal adjustment to bring debt down over the medium term is essential. <strong>Nearly all advanced economies plan to reduce their deficits this year. But if growth slows more than expected, some may feel inclined to preserve their short-term plans through additional tightening, even if hurts growth more. <span style="color:#ff0000;">My bottom line for them: unless you have to, you shouldn’t.</span></strong></p>
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		<title>Why Don&#8217;t We Act in Our Own Best Interest?</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/why-dont-we-act-in-our-own-best-interest/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 06:38:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[‎Heute, ‎31. ‎Jänner ‎2012, ‏‎vor 3 Stunden &#124; Tony Schwartz, HBR Blog At the World Economic Forum last week, I attended a small dinner that included eight Nobel Prize winners. What a privilege in itself. The question the Laureates were asked to address was &#8222;What do you see as the world&#8217;s biggest challenges?&#8220; They facilitated [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12656&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>‎Heute, ‎31. ‎Jänner ‎2012, ‏‎vor 3 Stunden | Tony Schwartz, HBR Blog</p>
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<p>At the <a href="http://www.weforum.org/">World Economic Forum </a>last week, I attended a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">small dinner that included eight Nobel Prize winners.</span></strong> What a privilege in itself.</p>
<p>The question the Laureates were asked to address was <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">&#8222;What do you see as the world&#8217;s biggest challenges?&#8220;</span></strong> They facilitated conversations at each table, and at the end, each of them reported out.</p>
<p>Their suggestions included <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">overpopulation, unemployment, the environment, and inequality.</span></strong> Each of the Nobel winners was eloquent and wise about these issues, but the reality is that the challenges are familiar, and they&#8217;re getting worse, not better. The c<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">ommon denominator among all of them is that they are problems created by humans.</span></strong> So why can&#8217;t we humans solve them?</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">The most basic answer is that we don&#8217;t make a connection between our current behavior and its future consequences.</span></strong> As <a href="http://www.muhammadyunus.org/">Muhammad Yunus</a>, the Bagladeshi economist, put it, &#8222;<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Leaders don&#8217;t have time for the future because they&#8217;re too busy with the present.&#8220;<span id="more-12656"></span></span></strong></p>
<p>The more primitive parts of our brain conspire against our thinking about the future. Our <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala">amygdala</a> is designed to be hyper alert to signs of threat, but only immediate threat. At the same time, we&#8217;re powerfully pulled to immediate gratification, even if it&#8217;s undermining our own long-term well-being.</p>
<p>As the wonderfully gentle and self-effacing astrophysicist and two-time Nobel Prize winner <a href="http://www.physics.berkeley.edu/research/faculty/perlmutter.html">Saul Perlmutter </a>put it, <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">&#8222;We&#8217;re limited by being human. We want results fast, and we discount the future.&#8220;</span></strong></p>
<p>Consider, for example how this applies to companies and their employees. The factual arguments for investing in employee well-being — so that people can bring more of themselves to work every day — are now overwhelming.</p>
<p>A <a href="http://www.bcidaho.com/_assets/Employer/2010-Harvard-Wellness-Program-Meta-Study-Health-Affairs.pdf">meta-analysis of existing research</a>, conducted by three Harvard researchers, found that the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">savings from wellness programs in organizations averages $3.27 for every dollar spent.</span></strong> That&#8217;s true even though the quality and depth of many such programs is still very limited.</p>
<p>At one point during a Davos session last week, I asked more than a half dozen CEOs at a discussion I was leading, &#8222;<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Do you believe that your employees perform better if they&#8217;re happier and healthier? The unsurprising and unanimous answer was &#8222;Yes.&#8220;</span></strong> Then I asked the CEOs, &#8222;If that&#8217;s the case, how much time, energy and money do you invest in insuring that your employees are healthier and happier?&#8220; Nearly all of them agreed the answer was very little.</p>
<p>The value of investing money and time in taking care of employees, rather than simply trying to get more out of them, can seem hard to measure. Also, because it doesn&#8217;t produce instant results, it may seem at odds with the urgent aim of getting more done, faster, right now.</p>
<p>When we&#8217;re run by the more primitive parts of our brain — and we are far more often than we recognize — we become myopically short-term in our perspective.</p>
<p>So what&#8217;s the antidote? It&#8217;s to rely more on our <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex">pre-frontal cortex</a>, which allows humans alone to imagine the future consequences of our actions. Too often, instead, we use our pre-frontal cortex after the fact, to rationalize and minimize our short-term and ultimately self-defeating behaviors.</p>
<p>We don&#8217;t lack for potential solutions to our problems so much as we do the willingness to intelligently sacrifice in the short term, in the service of generating more value in the long term.</p>
<p>To do that, we need to learn to better regulate our emotions, which begins with gaining more control of our attention. That&#8217;s the next great evolutionary leap, and it&#8217;s on the horizon.</p>
<p>The most interesting conversations I had at Davos were with two <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">neuroscientists</span></strong> — <a href="http://psyphz.psych.wisc.edu/web/personnel/director.html">Richard Davidson</a> of the University of Wisconsin and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tania_Singer">Tania Singer </a>of <a href="http://www.eva.mpg.de/">the Max Planck Institute </a>— and one of their <a href="http://www.viewmagazine.org/articles/science/102-neuroscience-and-meditation.html">experimental subjects</a>, the French Buddhist monk <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a>.</p>
<p>Through their research, both Davidson and Singer have demonstrated that our brains have extraordinary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity">plasticity</a>. It&#8217;s possible, they&#8217;ve found, for human beings to systematically train the regulation of negative emotion and to increase our capacity for calm reflectiveness in the face of high stress. MRI scans can measure, for instance, brain activity associated with empathy and compassion — and people can cultivate those attributes through deliberate practice. Mathieu Richard, who runs 110 humanitarian programs around the world, has done precisely that.</p>
<p>Our own work at <a href="http://www.theenergyproject.com/">The Energy Project </a>focuses on helping individuals and organizations institute highly specific rituals — behaviors and practices that eventually become automatic and serve sustainable well-being and effectiveness.</p>
<p>We can learn to be far more conscious and intentional in our behavior, and less self-centered and short-term in our perspective. Doing so requires deliberate practice.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">The biggest lesson I took away from my conversations at Davos is that to transform the world, we must first transform ourselves. </span></strong></p>
<p><em>Tony Schwartz is President and CEO of The Energy Project, a company that helps individuals and organizations perform better and more sustainably.</em></p>
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		<title>Draghi, Soros, Geithner, Roubini, Calderon, Merkel: In Their Own Words From the WEF on the Europe Crisis Via Bloomberg</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/draghi-soros-geithner-roubini-calderon-merkel-in-their-own-words-from-the-wef-on-the-europe-crisis-via-bloomberg/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 03:52:58 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>There’s a rainbow… and it’s getting brighter</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/theres-a-rainbow-and-its-getting-brighter/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 17:15:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Vineet Nayar ‎‎31. ‎Jänner ‎2012, As I sat down on a Sunday afternoon to write this article, I reached out for inputs from my Twitter circle. I was taken aback by the number of tweets that talked of gloom and doom. Not a surprise though, as the prophets of doom outnumbered the congregation in Davos too. While enough has been said [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12662&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<div><a href="http://www.vineetnayar.com/">Vineet Nayar</a><a href="http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nayar2.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-12670" title="nayar" src="http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nayar2.jpg?w=150&#038;h=84" alt="" width="150" height="84" /></a></div>
<div>‎‎31. ‎Jänner ‎2012,</div>
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<div>As I sat down on a Sunday afternoon to write this article, I reached out for inputs from my Twitter circle. I was taken aback by the <strong>number of tweets that talked of gloom and doom.</strong> Not a surprise though, as the <strong>prophets of doom</strong> outnumbered the congregation in <strong>Davos</strong> too. While enough has been said about what is wrong with the world and I agree with most of it, as I reflected on my five days at the World Economic Forum, something just did not add up.</div>
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<p>Let me explain what I mean there – Imagine that you and I were on a ledge of a building that is on fire. I guess we have three options. Call for a fire brigade and hope it comes on time, take a risk and jump to safety or do nothing and simply shout for help in hope that someone will come and save us. As I looked around the attendees at <strong>Davos, many were indeed shouting for help, but I was in search for people who were “doing” something to save themselves and the building. Fortunately, I did find them in a good number and was able to see the outlines of a vivid rainbow on the Davos sky.<span id="more-12662"></span></strong></p>
<p>Talking to Nobel Laureates , CEOs and world leaders, I came back with a firm view that <strong>we are in a challenging phase but definitely not at the ‘beginning of the end’ !</strong> The global economy, is still growing, it’s expected to grow 2.2% this year if not more. And most CEOs in Davos believed that the US too may deliver a positive surprise, backed by a 2.8% growth in the last quarter. So how does one explain the noise?</p>
<p>A prominent economist I met at Davos defined it as “solid at the core with turbulence at the edges” . Although there’s a lot of turbulence at the periphery, which is generating a lot of noise, core countries and companies are doing well. For example, while Greece and Italy are experiencing economic turmoil, Germany at the core is growing.</p>
<p>Similarly, good companies are growing, though some companies on the edges who have got their strategy wrong are struggling to remain relevant. Global institutions are largely intact and we are solving more and more problems through conversation and dialogue, not war. The world economy seems to be driven by three factors – fundamentals, policy and confidence . While fundamentals continue to be strong at the core and the right policy frameworks are being debated and decided, the real challenge is around confidence.<strong> The consensus at Davos was that if confidence can be restored , an economic resurgence will undoubtedly follow.</strong></p>
<p>This call for optimism was also writ large in the Forum’s agenda this year, which sought to find solutions for fixing economic disparity that is threatening social unrest . The solution, most people felt, was not to kill capitalism , which has brought us to our steadily improving world, but to adapt it to changing times. Another hope that ran adjacent was the increasing clout of the emerging markets . Interestingly , this acknowledgment of a shift in economic power toward emerging economies was accompanied by a ‘softening’ of the problem definition. Sessions mulling on ‘value context’ , ‘wise leadership’ and ‘ethical dilemmas’ were full to their seams. And for the first time ever I noticed that the Davos vocabulary, which used to have a strongly economic cast, today includes terms like ‘moral compass’!</p>
<p>I would like to believe that this “spiritualization of Davos” brought in a well-meaning determination in most dialogues.<strong> In the cross-industry CEO meeting on job creation</strong> , for example, it was clear to me that most companies both planned to hire more people and build new pools of workforce. There was a sense of urgent commitment in the room, a collective ownership of the problem and a collective resolve to solve it.</p>
<p>What more can one expect ? Rome was not built in a day and neither can we hope to solve all the global problems in one shot or at one place. There are many issues indeed that need to be resolved today, but their number or scale is not any less than what it was a decade ago or will be in the one ahead. Human evolution is always accompanied by new challenges; the important point is not to be overwhelmed by them. At Davos I saw tremendous resolve on the faces of some of the brightest brains in the world to solve the problems in front of us. I believe that is enough reason for us to be pragmatic if not optimistic and more importantly to keep the faith. If we could only lift our eyes and look up…there is a rainbow on the horizon and it’s only getting brighter by the day.</p>
<p><em>Originally published in Times of India. You can read the article <a title="There’s a rainbow... and it’s getting brighter" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Theres-a-rainbow-and-its-getting-brighter/articleshow/11694096.cms">here</a></em></p>
<p>About Vineet Nayar:</p>
<p>While I am an entrepreneur at heart, I have spent the better part of my adult life doing a job. The secret to my happiness has been a convergence of the two paths along the way. Having spent the first seven years of my career at <a href="http://www.hcltech.com/" target="_blank">HCL</a> , I ventured into setting up<a href="http://www.hclcomnet.co.in/index.html" target="_blank"> HCL Comnet</a> to meet an unfulfilled need for IT infrastructure and services. It was here that I experimented with <strong>my theory of inclusive leadership</strong> – a philosophy which shifted power away from the office of the CEO and into the hands of employees.</p>
<p>Beyond the corporate sphere, I am working hard to catalyze my leadership theories and business strategies to spread the magic of education through the non-profit organization, <a href="http://www.sampark.org/" target="_blank">SAMPARK</a> . I have no doubt that over time, we can “create a million smiles” through improving the quality, infrastructure and <strong>opportunity for education to the underprivileged.</strong></p>
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		<title>Krugman: Eurozone Problems</title>
		<link>http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com/2012/01/31/krugman-eurozone-problems/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 16:22:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[January 30, 2012, 4:17 pm, Paul Krugman Blog, NYT Eurozone Problems I’m giving a talk in Paris tomorrow. Here are some slides; they won’t come as a shock to regular readers, but it may be useful to see them all in one place. First, I make the case that the overall economic crisis is driven [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12652&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>January 30, 2012, <em>4:17 pm, Paul Krugman Blog, NYT</em></p>
<h1>Eurozone Problems</h1>
<div>
<p><a href="http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/krugman4.jpg"><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-12653" title="KRUGMAN4" src="http://fbkfinanzwirtschaft.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/krugman4.jpg?w=114&#038;h=150" alt="" width="114" height="150" /></a>I’m giving a talk in Paris tomorrow. Here are some slides; they won’t come as a shock to regular readers, but it may be useful to see them all in one place.</p>
<p>First, I make the case that the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">overall economic crisis is driven by private debt in the US , not public debt:</span></strong></p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman1/013012krugman1-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="358" /></div>
<p>Then I point to the <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">huge swing of the private sector into financial surplus in the US,</span></strong> which necessitated large public deficits to avoid a much deeper slump:<span id="more-12652"></span></p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman2/013012krugman2-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="366" /></div>
<p>I then turn to <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Europe, which has the additional problem of a capital flow bubble from north to south induced by the euro,</span></strong> which has to be reversed:</p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman3/013012krugman3-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="348" /></div>
<p>The counterpart of these current account imbalances was a <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">large divergence in relative price levels:</span></strong></p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman4/013012krugman4-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="332" /></div>
<p>Implicitly, <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Europe is relying on “internal devaluation”</span></strong> to reverse this divergence. But the reality is that this is very hard given nominal rigidity, even in Ireland, which is wrongly held up as an example of successful adjustment:</p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman5/013012krugman5-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="356" /></div>
<p>Also, Europe has bought into the notion that f<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">iscal irresponsibility is at the heart of the crisis, which is true only of Greece and not true of the troubled countries as a group:</span></strong></p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman6/013012krugman6-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="380" /></div>
<p>And even on the IMF’s reckoning, <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">none of the austerity countries is plausibly on the road to a tolerable fiscal situation:</span></strong></p>
<div><img src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/01/30/opinion/013012krugman7/013012krugman7-blog480.jpg" alt="" width="480" height="341" /></div>
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		<title>Euro-Krise: Mario Draghi öffnet die Geldschleusen</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 14:25:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>hkarner</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Handelsblatt.com, 31/1 von Norbert Häring Mit einer beispiellosen Geldflut versucht die EZB den Euro zu retten. Im Februar könnte sie die Banken der Eurozone erneut mit bis zu einer Billion Euro überschütten. Damit steigt ihre Bilanzsumme in neue Dimensionen. Mario Draghi, Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB). Quelle: dpa FrankfurtDer 29. Februar könnte ein historischer Tag [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=fbkfinanzwirtschaft.wordpress.com&amp;blog=6622026&amp;post=12650&amp;subd=fbkfinanzwirtschaft&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>
<div>
<p>Handelsblatt.com, 31/1</p>
<div>von <a href="http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/konjunktur/geldpolitik/euro-krise-mario-draghi-oeffnet-die-geldschleusen/v_detail_tab_print,6130980.html">Norbert Häring</a></div>
<p>Mit einer beispiellosen Geldflut versucht die EZB den Euro zu retten. I<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">m Februar könnte sie die Banken der Eurozone erneut mit bis zu einer Billion Euro überschütten. Damit steigt ihre Bilanzsumme in neue Dimensionen.</span></strong></p>
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<div><img class="alignleft" title="Mario Draghi, Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB). Quelle: dpa" src="http://www.handelsblatt.com/images/world-economic-forum-in-davos/6131566/2.jpg?format=format3" alt="Mario Draghi, Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB). Quelle: dpa" width="343" height="193" /></p>
<div>Mario Draghi, Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB). Quelle: dpa</div>
</div>
<div>
<p>FrankfurtDer <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">29. Februar könnte ein historischer Tag für die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB)</span></strong> werden. Wenn stimmt, was aus Finanzkreisen zu hören ist, dann dürfte die Notenbank an diesem einen Tag die Banken der Eurozone mit mehr als einer Billion Euro überschütten. Die EZB bietet den Banken der Eurozone an diesem Tag <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">erneut für drei Jahre Geld in unbegrenzter Menge an und quasi zum Nulltarif.</span></strong></p>
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<div>
<p>Wie es aussieht werden sich die Banken dieses Angebot nicht entgehen lassen und erneut kräftig zuschlagen. Die britische Finanzzeitung Financial Times zitiert einen hochrangigen Mitarbeiter der Investmentbank Goldman Sachs mit den Worten: &#8222;Es könnte locker eine Billion Euro hinzu kommen.&#8220; Das wäre eine Geldflut von historischem Ausmaß. Ob es allerdings so viel wird, ist umstritten.<span id="more-12650"></span></p>
<p>Die Citigroup rechnet damit, dass die Banken 200 bis 300 Milliarden Euro abrufen könnten. Für die <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Banken gäbe es keinen Grund sich bis oben hin mit Kapital vollzusaugen, weil sie darauf zählen könnten, dass die EZB ihnen bei Finanzierungsproblemen auch in Zukunft Kapital zur Verfügung stellt,</span></strong> heißt es als Begründung. Selbst wenn die Banken diesmal nur 200 Millionen Euro abrufen sollten, könnte es jedoch bald weitere solche Geschäfte geben.</p>
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<p>Schon im Dezember hatte die EZB den Banken 489 Milliarden Euro für drei Jahre fast zum Nulltarif geliehen. Vor allem die Banken aus dem Heimatland von EZB-Chef Draghi und aus Spanien griffen zu und machten es so für ihre Regierungen viel billiger, frische Kredite über Staatsanleihen aufzunehmen.</p>
<p>Die direkten Käufe von Staatsanleihen durch die EZB, die den Anlass für den Rücktritt von Axel Weber und Jürgen Stark aus der EZB-Führung gegeben hatten, treten damit in den Hintergrund. Gestern gab die EZB bekannt, dass sie in der vergangenen Woche nur noch für 63 Millionen Euro Anleihen auf dem Markt gekauft hat.</p>
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<h4>Kennzahlen der EZB</h4>
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<li>
<h5><a>Eigenkapital</a></h5>
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<p>Die Europäische Zentralbank verfügt über Eigenkapital in Höhe von<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;"> 10,8 Milliarden Euro.</span></strong> Zum Vergleich: Das <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">gesamte Eurosystem verfügt über 81,5 Milliarden Euro.</span></strong></p>
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</li>
<li>
<h5><a>Mitarbeiter</a></h5>
<div>
<p>Die EZB beschäftigt 1.421 Mitarbeiter, das Eurosystem insgesamt 49.100.</p>
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</li>
<li>
<h5><a>Bilanzsumme</a></h5>
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<p>Bei der Berechnung der Bilanzsumme für die Europäische Zentralbank ergibt sich ein Betrag von 163,5 Milliarden Euro. Für das Eurosystem sind es 2706,2 Milliarden Euro.</p>
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</li>
<li>
<h5><a>Grundkapital</a></h5>
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<p>Das Grundkapital der EZB beträgt 10.760 Milliarden Euro. Den größten nominellen Anteil daran hat mit 18,9 Prozent Deutschland. Darauf folgen Großbritannien (14,5 Prozent), Frankreich (14,2 Prozent), Italien (13,0 Prozent) und Spanien (8,3 Prozent). Die übrigen 31 Prozent verteilen sich auf sonstige.</p>
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<li>
<h5><a>Eingezahltes Grundkapital</a></h5>
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<p>Das eingezahlte Grundkapital der EZB beträgt 6.480 Milliarden Euro. Den größten Anteil daran hat mit 26,6 Prozent Deutschland. Darauf folgen Frankreich mit 19,9 Prozent, Italien mit 17,5 Prozent, Spanien mit 11,6 Prozent und Großbritannien mit 0,9 Prozent. Rund 23,5 Prozent entfallen auf sonstige.</p>
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</ul>
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<p>Angesichts der Geldschwemme für die Banken hat das kaum noch Bedeutung. Im Februar will die EZB den Instituten noch einmal Geld für drei Jahre zum Niedrigzins anbieten. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Dann könnte ihre Bilanzsumme erstmals die Drei-Billionen-Marke übersteigen.</span></strong> Ein tiefer Blick in die EZB-Bilanz zeigt, was das bedeutet.</p>
<p>Die Bilanzsumme der EZB war zum Stichtag 13. Januar 2012 mit <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">2,7 Billionen Euro rund 400 Milliarden Euro größer als die der US-Notenbank Federal Reserve.</span></strong> Dabei gilt die Federal Reserve mit ihrem Programm der quantitativen Lockerung durch einen massiven Ankauf von Staatsanleihen und anderen Wertpapieren als Inbegriff der ultra-expansiven Geldpolitik durch Geldvermehrung. Verglichen mit 2005 hat die EZB ihre Bilanzsumme auf das Zweieinhalbfache gesteigert, die Federal Reserve auf das Dreieinhalbfache. Doch die EZB holt schnell auf &#8211; auch, was diesen Maßstab angeht.</p>
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<p>Vergleicht man die besonders umstrittenen <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Käufe von Staatsanleihen durch die EZB im Rahmen ihres &#8222;Securities Market Programme&#8220; (SMP) von rund 220 Milliarden Euro mit denen der Federal Reserve im Volumen von umgerechnet 1,2 Billionen Euro,</span></strong> so sieht das Programm der EZB in der Tat bescheiden aus. Deshalb lautet auch die offizielle Lesart, dass die EZB ihre Bilanzsumme vor allem durch Kredite an die Banken ausgedehnt hat. Doch das ist allenfalls die halbe Wahrheit.</p>
<p>Ein genauer Blick in die Zusammensetzung der Bilanz des Euro-Systems, also der konsolidierten Bilanz der EZB und der nationalen Notenbanken der Währungsunion, fördert allerdings Überraschendes zutage. Denn bei der Bilanzausdehnung um rund 1 500 Milliarden Euro seit Anfang 2007 ist der <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">größte Posten mit einem Plus von rund 600 Milliarden Euro die Zunahme der Wertpapierbestände. Das sind zum größten Teil Anleihen und unter diesen wiederum vor allem Staatsanleihen.</span></strong></p>
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<div><img src="http://www.handelsblatt.com/images/aktive-forderungen-des-eurosystems/6131230/2.jpg?format=format3" alt="" /></p>
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<div></div>
<h2>Unübersichtliche Lage bei den Wertpapierkäufen</h2>
<div> Die Zunahme der <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Kredite an die Banken macht mit mindestens 415 Milliarden Euro nur den zweitgrößten Posten aus.</span></strong> An dritter Stelle folgt die Aufwertung von Gold und Währungsreserven mit rund 350 Milliarden Euro. Wie viel Kredite die Banken tatsächlich bekommen haben, können Außenstehende nicht genau nachvollziehen, denn die nationalen Notenbanken buchen in eigener Regie vergebene Sonderhilfen teilweise in den Sammelposten &#8222;Sonstige Aktiva&#8220;.</div>
<div>
<p>Noch unübersichtlicher ist die Lage bei den Wertpapierkäufen. Im Zuge ihrer offiziellen Ankaufsprogramme hat das Euro-System nur Staatsanleihen für 220 Milliarden Euro und Pfandbriefe aus dem privaten Sektor für 60 Milliarden Euro angekauft. Doch auch hier führen die nationalen Notenbanken ein Eigenleben. Sie kaufen außerhalb des SMP laufend auf eigene Rechnung Anleihen.</p>
<p>So hat zum Beispiel die Bank von Italien ausweislich ihres Jahresberichts ihren Bestand an Staatsanleihen außerhalb des Programms allein im Jahr 2010 um gut 20 Milliarden Euro aufgestockt. Die Bank von Spanien hingegen hat die Zukäufe im Zuge des SMP weitgehend durch Verkäufe anderer Anleihen ausgeglichen.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Wie viel genau das Euro-System an Anleihen und insbesondere Staatsanleihen im Verlauf der Krise dazugekauft hat, lässt sich nicht genau sagen.</span></strong> Denn die konsolidierte Bilanz, die wöchentlich vorgelegt wird, gliedert die einzelnen Positionen nicht genau genug auf, und die ausführlicheren Bilanzen der einzelnen Zentralbanken für 2011 liegen noch nicht vor. So gibt es in der konsolidierten Bilanz im Posten &#8222;Sonstige Aktiva&#8220; auch &#8222;Sonstige Finanzanlagen&#8220;. Diese sonstigen Aktiva, in die auch ein Teil der schon erwähnten nationalen Hilfskredite für Banken gebucht wird, legten um stattliche 128 Milliarden Euro zu.</p>
<p>Der offen als &#8222;Wertpapiere in Euro&#8220; ausgewiesene Posten hat um 545 Milliarden Euro zugelegt.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div><img src="http://www.handelsblatt.com/images/ezb-staatsanleihenkaufe2010-2011/5984378/3.jpg?format=format3" alt="" /></p>
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<p>Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Wertpapierbestände seit 2007 um 545 Milliarden Euro gestiegen sind &#8211; plus den Teil der 128 Milliarden Euro zusätzlichen &#8222;sonstigen Aktiva&#8220;, der auf Wertpapierkäufe zurückgeht.</span></strong></p>
<p>Die Notenbank entscheidet frei, wessen Anleihen sie kauft.</p>
<p>Es hat nichts Anrüchiges, dass Notenbanken Rücklagen und Überschüsse in Staatsanleihen anlegen. Das ist durchaus üblich. Dabei haben sie im Euro-Raum große Entscheidungsspielräume. Die Bank von Italien beispielsweise hätte 2010 Silvio Berlusconi durch Käufe italienischer Anleihen helfen können, als seine Regierung im Herbst unter Druck geriet. Doch das tat sie nicht: Stattdessen kaufte sie 2010 überwiegend Anleihen aus anderen Euro-Ländern. Der Anteil italienischer Papiere am &#8222;sonstigen&#8220; Wertpapierportfolio der Bank von Italien sank von 53 auf 47 Prozent.</p>
<p>Hätte sie stattdessen die Regierung gestützt, wäre auch das kaum aufgefallen. Das ist eine Besonderheit des Euro-Systems &#8211; denn eine &#8222;normale&#8220; Notenbank wie in Großbritannien kann fast nur Staatsanleihen der eigenen Regierung kaufen, wenn sie Pfund ohne Wechselkursrisiko in sicheren Anleihen anlegen will.</p>
<p>Das Beispiel zeigt, welche Spielräume sich in der riesigen Bilanz des Euro-Systems verstecken und welche Macht das beinhaltet. Die Bundesbank als scharfe Kritikerin des SMP scheint übrigens zu handeln, wie sie redet. Sie besaß Ende 2010 nur fünf Milliarden Euro an sonstigen Wertpapieren und sonstigen Finanzanlagen.</p>
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<h2>Preisblasen auf Vermögensmärkten</h2>
<div>
<p>Selbst in der Frage, wie viele Reserven und Rücklagen das Notenbanksystem hat, um diese in Wertpapieren anzulegen, ist es weitgehend frei. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Denn anders als ein normales Unternehmen zahlen die Notenbanken mit Geld, das sie selbst schaffen.</span></strong> Wenn sie also eine Anleihe kaufen, dann entsteht auf der Passivseite der Bilanz von selbst eine Gegenbuchung, die die Bilanz wieder ausgleicht.</p>
<p>Diese Macht zum Gelddrucken ist vielen Menschen unheimlich. Wenn sie so ausgedehnt genutzt wird wie derzeit, ruft sie gerade in der deutschen Bevölkerung die Angst vor einer Rückkehr hoher <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Inflationsraten hervor. Diese Angst ist prinzipiell nicht unberechtigt, im konkreten Fall beruht sie aber auf Missverständnissen.</span></strong></p>
<p>Zunächst einmal scheint die Sorge berechtigt, weil mehr umlaufendes Geld grundsätzlich die Preise treibt, wenn es nicht gleichzeitig mehr zu kaufen gibt.</p>
<p>Das erste Missverständnis liegt jedoch darin, dass tatsächlich nur ein kleiner Teil des Geldes dafür verwendet wird, um zu kaufen, was laufend produziert wird. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Das meiste Geld dient stattdessen zum Kauf von Aktien, Anleihen und Immobilien &#8211; alles Kaufobjekte, deren Preise nicht in die Lebenshaltungskosten eingehen.</span></strong></p>
<p>Die Politik des lockeren Geldes vor der Krise hat daher nicht zu Inflation geführt, sondern zu Preisblasen auf Vermögensmärkten. Jetzt, wo diese geplatzt sind, bewirkt die Geldschwemme der Notenbanken vor allem, dass Aktienkurse und Immobilienpreise nicht einbrechen.</p>
<p>So wird plausibel, dass die EZB ebenso wie fast alle Bankvolkswirte sinkende Inflationsraten prognostiziert. Die Citigroup, die eine Prognose bis 2016 veröffentlicht hat, rechnet mit Rückgang der Inflationsrate bis auf 0,8 Prozent.</p>
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<p>Das zweite Missverständnis besteht darin, dass viele Menschen glauben, dass nur die Notenbanken Geld in Umlauf bringen. In Wirklichkeit wird das meiste Geld von Geschäftsbanken in Umlauf gebracht &#8211; nämlich all das Geld, das wir im bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehr verwenden. &#8222;Den Geschäftsbanken und der Zentralbank (kommt) eine besondere Rolle zu, da sie als Einzige Kredite gewähren und zugleich Geld schöpfen können&#8220;, beschreibt die EZB, was sie mit anderen Banken gemeinsam hat.</p>
<p>Wenn meine Hausbank mir Kredit gibt, räumt sie mir in Höhe des Kreditbetrags ein Guthaben auf meinem Girokonto ein. Mit diesem Guthaben kann ich Rechnungen bezahlen, und die Empfänger bezahlen damit wiederum ihre Rechnungen. Die Bank hat also Zahlungmittel geschaffen, die vorher nicht da waren &#8211; auf genau die gleiche Weise, wie die EZB Geld schöpft, indem sie Kredit gibt.</p>
<p>Die Politik des lockeren Geldes vor der Krise bestand im Wesentlichen darin, dass Notenbanken und andere laxe Aufseher zuließen, dass die Banken ihr Kreditvolumen und damit die Geldmenge ausdehnten. Damit schürten sie einen Aktien- und Immobilienboom, der nicht nachhaltig war.</p>
<p>Jetzt haben die Banken ins andere Extrem umgeschaltet und geben nur widerwillig Kredit. Die Geldschwemme der Notenbank soll eine Kreditklemme verhindern, wie sie sich in manchen Euro-Ländern andeutet. Es geht also bisher darum, eine Schrumpfung des gesamten Geldumlaufs zu verhindern &#8211; und nicht etwa darum, die insgesamt umlaufende Geldmenge kräftig auszudehnen.</p>
<p>Doch es ist nicht nur die Angst vor hoher Inflation, die die EZB mit der Ausweitung ihrer Bilanz provoziert. Die Bürger solider Euro-Staaten, vor allem die Deutschen, fürchten auch, dass die <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">EZB eine &#8222;Bad Bank&#8220; voller wertloser Staatsanleihen und Kredite wird, deren Verluste am Ende der Steuerzahler tragen muss.</span></strong> Auch diese Sorge ist nicht völlig unberechtigt, aber übertrieben.</p>
<p>Kein Zweifel: Wenn Griechenland pleitegeht, drohen der EZB aus zwei Gründen erhebliche Abschreibungen. Erstens hält das Euro-System geschätzt 40 bis 45 Milliarden Euro an Griechen-Anleihen aus dem Ankaufprogramm. Da es diese schon mit einem Abschlag gekauft hat, dürften 20 bis 30 Milliarden Euro im Feuer stehen.</p>
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<h2>Das Ass der Notenbank</h2>
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<p>Zweitens haben die Banken, die sich bei der EZB in großem Volumen refinanziert haben, dafür auch griechische Staatsanleihen als Sicherheiten hinterlegt. Wie viele, verrät die EZB nicht, aber es dürften mehr sein, als sie selbst hält. <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Ginge Griechenland pleite, wäre auch ein Teil der Banken pleite, die diese Papiere eingereicht haben, und die hinterlegte Sicherheit wäre kaum noch etwas wert.</span></strong></p>
<p>Das Risiko ist also beträchtlich, aber das Euro-System kann auch eine Menge Risiken schlucken, bevor es den Steuerzahler in Anspruch nehmen muss.</p>
<p>Da sind zunächst einmal Goldreserven im Wert von 423 Milliarden Euro und Devisenreserven von 246 Milliarden Euro. Schließlich geht, wie erwähnt, die Bilanzausdehnung seit 2007 zu knapp einem Viertel oder rund 350 Milliarden Euro auf die Aufwertung von Gold- und Devisenreserven zurück. Dieser Teil der Bilanzausdehnung stellt weder Geldschöpfung dar, noch beinhaltet er zusätzliche Risiken. Im Gegenteil: Er hat die Risikotragfähigkeit beträchtlich erhöht.</p>
<p>Auf der Passivseite der Bilanz schlägt sich das nieder in stillen Rücklagen von fast 400 Milliarden Euro, Kapital und offenen Rücklagen von 82 Milliarden Euro und diversen obskuren Ausgleichs- und Neubewertungsposten von über 200 Milliarden Euro, die man so nur in einer Notenbankbilanz findet.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Es müsste also schon sehr viel passieren, damit die EZB und die nationalen Notenbanken gezwungen wären, das bescheidene Eigenkapital anzugreifen.</span></strong> Und noch ein Ass hat eine Notenbank in so einem Fall im Ärmel. Wenn es eng wird und sie ihre Rücklagen nicht angreifen will, dann kann sie Verlustvorträge bilden, die in späteren Jahren aus dem Geldschöpfungsgewinn getilgt werden. Die laufenden Zahlungsverpflichtungen einer Notenbank sind so gering, dass es kaum passieren kann, dass sie diese nicht erfüllen kann. Unter dem Strich kann der Steuerzahler also froh sein, wenn die Zentralbank die Kosten für eine Bankenrettung übernimmt und nicht der Staat.</p>
<p>Der EZB geht es tatsächlich, wie sie immer wieder erklärt, bei ihren Krisenmaßnahmen <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">vorrangig darum, die Banken zu stützen</span></strong>. Selbst wenn sie Staatsanleihen kauft, dann dient das erkennbar stärker dazu, den Banken zu helfen, die diese Anleihen halten, als den Regierungen, die sie emittieren.</p>
<p>Bei der Bankenstützung hat die EZB jüngst das ganz große Geschütz aufgefahren, indem sie die mittelfristige Refinanzierung des Bankgeschäfts selbst in die Hand genommen hat und nun über ihre eigene Bilanz abwickelt. Bisher konnten sich die Banken nur kurzfristig bei der EZB finanzieren. Um eine akzeptable Bilanz zu präsentieren, brauchen sie aber auch längerfristige Mittel, die sie sich bisher durch Anleiheemissionen oder als Einlagen geholt haben. Das schaffte eine gewisse Marktdisziplin.</p>
<p>Doch in den nächsten drei Jahren werden Anleihen im Volumen von 1,7 Billionen Euro fällig, die manche Banken gar nicht, andere nur zu relativ hohen Zinsen durch neue ersetzen können. Deshalb hat die EZB kurzerhand entschieden, selbst zur Quelle für die mittelfristige Finanzierung zu werden und den angeschlagenen Bankensektor damit vor der Marktdisziplin zu verschonen.</p>
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<h2>Wann die Geldversorgung von Staat und Wirtschaft steigt</h2>
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<p>Als sie den Banken im Dezember erstmals Dreijahreskredite anbot, war die Nachfrage riesig. Knapp eine halbe Billion Euro riefen die Institute ab. Am 28. Februar werden sie zum zweiten Mal Gelegenheit haben, solche Langfristkredite abzurufen. Die EZB erwartet nach den Worten ihres Präsidenten Draghi, dass die Nachfrage nicht ganz so hoch sein wird wie beim ersten Mal, &#8222;aber immer noch sehr hoch&#8220;.</p>
<p><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Der Kredit von der Zentralbank kostet die Banken netto 0,75 Prozent und damit deutlich weniger als die Inflationsrate, die derzeit gut zwei Prozent beträgt.</span></strong> Das kommt so zustande: Die Banken bezahlen ein Prozent Zinsen für das Geld von der EZB und bekommen dafür bei der Notenbank ein Guthaben auf ihrem Girokonto, das mit 0,25 Prozent verzinst wird. Wenn die EZB ihren Leitzins weiter senkt, würde es noch billiger, denn der Zins für die Kredite wird dann angepasst.</p>
<p>Die Banken können die Guthaben auf dreierlei Weise nutzen. Sie können mehr Kredit geben, weil sich ihre Bilanzsituation verbessert hat. Sie können Anleihekredite damit tilgen, oder sie können verstärkt Staatsanleihen kaufen, bevorzugt mit Laufzeiten bis drei Jahre.</p>
<p>Analysten rechnen damit, dass die beiden letzten Möglichkeiten die größte Bedeutung haben werden. Der verstärkte Kauf von Staatsanleihen scheint schon stattzufinden. Die Anleiheemissionen von Ländern wie Italien, Spanien und Frankreich sind seit Ausgabe der Dreijahreskredite erheblich besser gelaufen als zuvor. Die Renditen vor allem für kürzerfristige Anleihen sind beträchtlich gesunken.</p>
<p>I<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">n allen drei Fällen steigt die Geldversorgung von Staat und Wirtschaft (außerhalb des Bankensektors). Denn wenn die Banken das Geld von der EZB verwenden, um Staatsanleihen zu kaufen oder Bankanleihen abzulösen, dann wird Geld freigesetzt, das andernfalls für diese Käufe verwendet worden wäre. Ob das zusätzliche Geld allerdings letztlich seinen Weg zu den Unternehmen findet oder ob es nur in Geldanlage und Finanzspekulation fließt, ist noch nicht ausgemacht. </span></strong></p>
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			<media:title type="html">Mario Draghi, Präsident der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB). Quelle: dpa</media:title>
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